我们研究了对抗性噪声模型中上下文搜索的问题。令$ d $为问题的维度，$ t $为时间范围，$ c $是系统中的噪声总量。对于$ \ eps $ -Ball损失，我们给出了$ o（C + d \ log（1/\ eps））的紧密遗憾，$（d^3 \ log（1/\ eps））\ log^2（t） + c \ log（t）\ log（1/\ eps））$ Krishnamurthy等人（stoc21）的结合。对于对称损失，我们给出了一种有效的算法，后悔$ O（C+D \ log T）$。我们的技术与先前的方法有很大的不同。具体而言，我们跟踪候选向量上的密度函数，而不是由候选向量组成的知识集，该媒介向量与获得的反馈一致。

我们考虑多级分类的问题，其中普遍选择的查询流到达，并且必须在线分配标签。与寻求最小化错误分类率的传统界定不同，我们将每个查询的总距离最小化到与其正确标签相对应的区域。当通过最近的邻分区确定真正的标签时 - 即点的标签由它最接近欧几里德距离所提供的点，我们表明人们可以实现独立的损失查询总数。我们通过显示学习常规凸集每查询需要几乎线性损耗来补充此结果。我们的结果为语境搜索的几何问题而被遗憾地构建了遗憾的保证。此外，我们制定了一种从多字符分类到二进制分类的新型还原技术，这可能具有独立兴趣。

在古典语境匪徒问题中，在每轮$ t $，学习者观察一些上下文$ c $，选择一些动作$ i $执行，并收到一些奖励$ r_ {i，t}（c）$。我们考虑此问题的变体除了接收奖励$ r_ {i，t}（c）$之外，学习者还要学习其他一些上下文$的$ r_ {i，t}（c'）$的值C'$ in设置$ \ mathcal {o} _i（c）$;即，通过在不同的上下文下执行该行动来实现的奖励\ mathcal {o} _i（c）$。这种变体出现在若干战略设置中，例如学习如何在非真实的重复拍卖中出价，最热衷于随着许多平台转换为运行的第一价格拍卖。我们将此问题称为交叉学习的上下文匪徒问题。古典上下围匪徒问题的最佳算法达到$ \ tilde {o}（\ sqrt {ckt}）$遗憾针对所有固定策略，其中$ c $是上下文的数量，$ k $的行动数量和$ $次数。我们设计并分析了交叉学习的上下文匪徒问题的新算法，并表明他们的遗憾更好地依赖上下文的数量。在选择动作时学习所有上下文的奖励的完整交叉学习下，即设置$ \ mathcal {o} _i（c）$包含所有上下文，我们显示我们的算法实现后悔$ \ tilde {o}（ \ sqrt {kt}）$，删除$ c $的依赖。对于任何其他情况，即在部分交叉学习下，$ | \ mathcal {o} _i（c）| <c $ for $（i，c）$，遗憾界限取决于如何设置$ \ mathcal o_i（c）$影响上下文之间的交叉学习的程度。我们从Ad Exchange运行一流拍卖的广告交换中模拟了我们的真实拍卖数据的算法，并表明了它们优于传统的上下文强盗算法。

This paper expounds the design and control of a new Variable Stiffness Series Elastic Actuator (VSSEA). It is established by employing a modular mechanical design approach that allows us to effectively optimise the stiffness modulation characteristics and power density of the actuator. The proposed VSSEA possesses the following features: i) no limitation in the work-range of output link, ii) a wide range of stiffness modulation (~20Nm/rad to ~1KNm/rad), iii) low-energy-cost stiffness modulation at equilibrium and non-equilibrium positions, iv) compact design and high torque density (~36Nm/kg), and v) high-speed stiffness modulation (~3000Nm/rad/s). Such features can help boost the safety and performance of many advanced robotic systems, e.g., a cobot that physically interacts with unstructured environments and an exoskeleton that provides physical assistance to human users. These features can also enable us to utilise variable stiffness property to attain various regulation and trajectory tracking control tasks only by employing conventional controllers, eliminating the need for synthesising complex motion control systems in compliant actuation. To this end, it is experimentally demonstrated that the proposed VSSEA is capable of precisely tracking desired position and force control references through the use of conventional Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers.

This short report reviews the current state of the research and methodology on theoretical and practical aspects of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). It was prepared to gather state-of-the-art knowledge needed to construct complex, hypercomplex and fuzzy neural networks. The report reflects the individual interests of the authors and, by now means, cannot be treated as a comprehensive review of the ANN discipline. Considering the fast development of this field, it is currently impossible to do a detailed review of a considerable number of pages. The report is an outcome of the Project 'The Strategic Research Partnership for the mathematical aspects of complex, hypercomplex and fuzzy neural networks' meeting at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland, organized in September 2022.

Many real-world reinforcement learning tasks require control of complex dynamical systems that involve both costly data acquisition processes and large state spaces. In cases where the transition dynamics can be readily evaluated at specified states (e.g., via a simulator), agents can operate in what is often referred to as planning with a \emph{generative model}. We propose the AE-LSVI algorithm for best-policy identification, a novel variant of the kernelized least-squares value iteration (LSVI) algorithm that combines optimism with pessimism for active exploration (AE). AE-LSVI provably identifies a near-optimal policy \emph{uniformly} over an entire state space and achieves polynomial sample complexity guarantees that are independent of the number of states. When specialized to the recently introduced offline contextual Bayesian optimization setting, our algorithm achieves improved sample complexity bounds. Experimentally, we demonstrate that AE-LSVI outperforms other RL algorithms in a variety of environments when robustness to the initial state is required.

In this paper, we present strong baselines for the task of Feedback Comment Generation for Writing Learning. Given a sentence and an error span, the task is to generate a feedback comment explaining the error. Sentences and feedback comments are both in English. We experiment with LLMs and also create multiple pseudo datasets for the task, investigating how it affects the performance of our system. We present our results for the task along with extensive analysis of the generated comments with the aim of aiding future studies in feedback comment generation for English language learners.

Targeted syntactic evaluations of language models ask whether models show stable preferences for syntactically acceptable content over minimal-pair unacceptable inputs. Most targeted syntactic evaluation datasets ask models to make these judgements with just a single context-free sentence as input. This does not match language models' training regime, in which input sentences are always highly contextualized by the surrounding corpus. This mismatch raises an important question: how robust are models' syntactic judgements in different contexts? In this paper, we investigate the stability of language models' performance on targeted syntactic evaluations as we vary properties of the input context: the length of the context, the types of syntactic phenomena it contains, and whether or not there are violations of grammaticality. We find that model judgements are generally robust when placed in randomly sampled linguistic contexts. However, they are substantially unstable for contexts containing syntactic structures matching those in the critical test content. Among all tested models (GPT-2 and five variants of OPT), we significantly improve models' judgements by providing contexts with matching syntactic structures, and conversely significantly worsen them using unacceptable contexts with matching but violated syntactic structures. This effect is amplified by the length of the context, except for unrelated inputs. We show that these changes in model performance are not explainable by simple features matching the context and the test inputs, such as lexical overlap and dependency overlap. This sensitivity to highly specific syntactic features of the context can only be explained by the models' implicit in-context learning abilities.

Foundation models can be disruptive for future AI development by scaling up deep learning in terms of model size and training data's breadth and size. These models achieve state-of-the-art performance (often through further adaptation) on a variety of tasks in domains such as natural language processing and computer vision. Foundational models exhibit a novel {emergent behavior}: {In-context learning} enables users to provide a query and a few examples from which a model derives an answer without being trained on such queries. Additionally, {homogenization} of models might replace a myriad of task-specific models with fewer very large models controlled by few corporations leading to a shift in power and control over AI. This paper provides a short introduction to foundation models. It contributes by crafting a crisp distinction between foundation models and prior deep learning models, providing a history of machine learning leading to foundation models, elaborating more on socio-technical aspects, i.e., organizational issues and end-user interaction, and a discussion of future research.

Incorporating computed tomography (CT) reconstruction operators into differentiable pipelines has proven beneficial in many applications. Such approaches usually focus on the projection data and keep the acquisition geometry fixed. However, precise knowledge of the acquisition geometry is essential for high quality reconstruction results. In this paper, the differentiable formulation of fan-beam CT reconstruction is extended to the acquisition geometry. This allows to propagate gradient information from a loss function on the reconstructed image into the geometry parameters. As a proof-of-concept experiment, this idea is applied to rigid motion compensation. The cost function is parameterized by a trained neural network which regresses an image quality metric from the motion affected reconstruction alone. Using the proposed method, we are the first to optimize such an autofocus-inspired algorithm based on analytical gradients. The algorithm achieves a reduction in MSE by 35.5 % and an improvement in SSIM by 12.6 % over the motion affected reconstruction. Next to motion compensation, we see further use cases of our differentiable method for scanner calibration or hybrid techniques employing deep models.